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Savitha Krishnan, MD

Undefined Physician Type (Specify) · Mountain View

NPI 1447323092

Medicare standing
Clear
Enrolled, allowed to bill and order, not excluded
Plans that list them
2
2 carriers
Office
1

Offices

1 location · Sutter Bay Medical Foundation · 3,783 clinicians in this group

Looking this up.

Hospitals listed: El Camino Health · Mills-Peninsula Medical Center. That is not proof they admit you there this week.

Plans that list them

2 plans · 2 carriers

A missing listing does not mean out of network. Directories change, and a listing does not cover every office. Call Dr. Krishnan’s office at (650) 934-7520 to confirm they take your plan. Ask about the office you use, its medical group, referrals and appointments.

2 of 2 plans

Plans whose provider directory lists this clinician
Alignment Health Sutter Advantage +More (HMO)Alignment Health PlanListedOct 3, 2026
DualConnect (HMO D-SNP)Santa Clara Family Health PlanListedSep 1, 2026

California Medical Board record

Licence A71453 · Current

Licensed to practise in California · since 2000 · expires 2027-06-30 · University of Michigan Medical School.

No disciplinary actions, convictions, malpractice judgments or citations in this record.

Hospitals they work in

2 hospitals

These rate the hospital, not this clinician. Most measures at most hospitals are no different from the national rate.

  • El Camino HealthMountain View, CAAcute Care Hospital · Government - Hospital District or Authority · Has an emergency department · Birthing-friendlyPart of El Camino Health, which runs 2 hospitalsPatients rate it 4 of 5 · 80% would definitely recommend it
    Overall rating: 4 of 5 starsBetter than the national rate — Central Line Associated Bloodstream Infection (ICU + select Wards): 0.291, Oct 2024 – Sep 2025Better than the national rate — Clostridium Difficile (C.Diff): 0.393, Oct 2024 – Sep 2025Better than the national rate — MRSA Bacteremia: 0, Oct 2024 – Sep 2025
  • Peninsula Medical CenterBurlingame, CAAcute Care Hospital · Voluntary non-profit - Private · Has an emergency department · Birthing-friendlyPart of Sutter Health, which runs 27 hospitals in 2 statesPatients rate it 4 of 5 · 78% would definitely recommend it
    Overall rating: 5 of 5 starsBetter than the national rate — Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infections (ICU + select Wards): 0.139, Oct 2024 – Sep 2025Better than the national rate — Clostridium Difficile (C.Diff): 0.242, Oct 2024 – Sep 2025
See every measure and the patient survey for El Camino Health

Behind the star rating — Deaths: 3 better, 5 the same, 0 worse of 8 measures. Safety: 3 better, 5 the same, 0 worse of 8 measures. Readmissions: 1 better, 9 the same, 1 worse of 11 measures. The star rating is worked out from an earlier period than the measures below, so the two can disagree.

Every scored measure at El Camino Health
Central Line Associated Bloodstream Infection (ICU + select Wards)Infections0.291BetterOct 2024 – Sep 2025
Clostridium Difficile (C.Diff)Infections0.393BetterOct 2024 – Sep 2025
MRSA BacteremiaInfections0BetterOct 2024 – Sep 2025
Abdominopelvic accidental puncture or laceration rateComplications and deaths0.96 (0.12 to 1.79) · 2,340 casesNo differentJul 2022 – Jun 2024
CMS Medicare PSI 90: Patient safety and adverse events compositeComplications and deaths1.02 (0.76 to 1.28)No differentJul 2022 – Jun 2024
Death rate among surgical inpatients with serious treatable complicationsComplications and deaths167.38 (125.03 to 209.73) · 96 casesNo differentJul 2022 – Jun 2024
Death rate for CABG surgery patientsComplications and deaths2.6 · 68 casesNoneJul 2022 – Jun 2025
Death rate for COPD patientsComplications and deaths7.1 · 185 casesNoneJul 2022 – Jun 2025
Death rate for heart attack patientsComplications and deaths11.8 · 200 casesNoneJul 2022 – Jun 2025
Death rate for heart failure patientsComplications and deaths8.9 · 814 casesNoneJul 2022 – Jun 2025
Death rate for pneumonia patientsComplications and deaths13 · 842 casesNoneJul 2022 – Jun 2025
Death rate for stroke patientsComplications and deaths9.6 · 361 casesNoneJul 2023 – Jun 2025
Hybrid Hospital-Wide All-Cause Risk Standardized Mortality RateComplications and deaths2.6 · 4,633 casesNoneJul 2024 – Jun 2025
Iatrogenic pneumothorax rateComplications and deaths0.16 (0 to 0.34) · 11,474 casesNo differentJul 2022 – Jun 2024
In-hospital fall-associated fracture rateComplications and deaths0.27 (0.1 to 0.45) · 11,626 casesNo differentJul 2022 – Jun 2024
Perioperative pulmonary embolism or deep vein thrombosis rateComplications and deaths3.14 (1.39 to 4.9) · 2,814 casesNo differentJul 2022 – Jun 2024
Postoperative acute kidney injury requiring dialysis rateComplications and deaths2 (0.61 to 3.39) · 1,327 casesNo differentJul 2022 – Jun 2024
Postoperative hemorrhage or hematoma rateComplications and deaths2.11 (0.8 to 3.43) · 2,641 casesNo differentJul 2022 – Jun 2024
Postoperative respiratory failure rateComplications and deaths9.39 (4.18 to 14.6) · 1,287 casesNo differentJul 2022 – Jun 2024
Postoperative sepsis rateComplications and deaths6.57 (3.47 to 9.68) · 1,308 casesNo differentJul 2022 – Jun 2024
Postoperative wound dehiscence rateComplications and deaths2.14 (0.71 to 3.57) · 827 casesNo differentJul 2022 – Jun 2024
Pressure ulcer rateComplications and deaths0.6 (0.05 to 1.15) · 9,460 casesNo differentJul 2022 – Jun 2024
Rate of complications for hip/knee replacement patientsComplications and deaths4.5 · 122 casesNoneApr 2023 – Mar 2025
Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infections (ICU + select Wards)Infections0.993No differentOct 2024 – Sep 2025
SSI - Abdominal HysterectomyInfections0.706No differentOct 2024 – Sep 2025
SSI - Colon SurgeryInfections1.376No differentOct 2024 – Sep 2025
Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) 30-Day Readmission RateUnplanned return visits15.5 · 218 casesNoneJul 2023 – Jun 2025
Heart failure (HF) 30-Day Readmission RateUnplanned return visits19.5 · 962 casesNoneJul 2023 – Jun 2025
Hospital return days for heart attack patientsUnplanned return visits3.8 · 200 casesNoneJul 2022 – Jun 2025
Hospital return days for heart failure patientsUnplanned return visits-17 · 922 casesNoneJul 2022 – Jun 2025
Hospital return days for pneumonia patientsUnplanned return visits18.6 · 860 casesNoneJul 2022 – Jun 2025
Pneumonia (PN) 30-Day Readmission RateUnplanned return visits18.7 · 827 casesNoneJul 2023 – Jun 2025
Rate of emergency department (ED) visits for patients receiving outpatient chemotherapyUnplanned return visits6.1 (4.5 to 8.2) · 313 casesNo differentJan 2024 – Dec 2024
Rate of inpatient admissions for patients receiving outpatient chemotherapyUnplanned return visits13.4 (10.6 to 16.5) · 313 casesNo differentJan 2024 – Dec 2024
Rate of readmission after hip/knee replacementUnplanned return visits6.1 · 144 casesNoneJul 2023 – Jun 2025
Rate of readmission for CABGUnplanned return visits10.3 · 80 casesNoneJul 2023 – Jun 2025
Rate of readmission for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patientsUnplanned return visits20.7 · 237 casesNoneJul 2023 – Jun 2025
Rate of unplanned hospital visits after colonoscopy (per 1,000 colonoscopies)Unplanned return visits12.8 (10 to 16.1) · 1,639 casesNo differentJan 2022 – Dec 2024
Ratio of unplanned hospital visits after hospital outpatient surgeryUnplanned return visits0.9 (0.8 to 1.1) · 1,619 casesNo differentJan 2024 – Dec 2024

What patients said (1,535 patients answered, 22% of those asked)

Patient survey stars by topic at El Camino Health
Cleanliness4
Nurse communication4
Doctor communication4
Communication about medicines3
Discharge information3
Overall hospital rating4
Quietness2
Recommend hospital5
Share of patients giving the best answer at El Camino Health
Room was "always" clean75%
Nurses "always" communicated well79%
Doctors "always" communicated well81%
Staff "always" explained61%
Yes, staff "did" give patients this information86%
Yes, staff "did" give patients information about help after discharge86%
Doctors "always" explained things so they could understand76%
Doctors "always" listened carefully80%
Doctors "always" treated them with courtesy and respect87%
Patients who gave a rating of "9" or "10" (high)76%
Staff "always" explained new medications76%
Nurses "always" explained things so they could understand75%
Nurses "always" listened carefully76%
Nurses "always" treated them with courtesy and respect87%
"Always" quiet at night47%
"YES", patients would definitely recommend the hospital80%
Staff "always" explained possible side effects46%
Yes, staff "did" give patients information about possible symptoms86%
See every measure and the patient survey for Peninsula Medical Center

Behind the star rating — Deaths: 2 better, 6 the same, 0 worse of 8 measures. Safety: 2 better, 5 the same, 0 worse of 7 measures. Readmissions: 0 better, 10 the same, 1 worse of 11 measures. The star rating is worked out from an earlier period than the measures below, so the two can disagree.

Every scored measure at Peninsula Medical Center
Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infections (ICU + select Wards)Infections0.139BetterOct 2024 – Sep 2025
Clostridium Difficile (C.Diff)Infections0.242BetterOct 2024 – Sep 2025
Abdominopelvic accidental puncture or laceration rateComplications and deaths1.21 (0.27 to 2.15) · 1,258 casesNo differentJul 2022 – Jun 2024
CMS Medicare PSI 90: Patient safety and adverse events compositeComplications and deaths0.81 (0.51 to 1.1)No differentJul 2022 – Jun 2024
Death rate among surgical inpatients with serious treatable complicationsComplications and deaths155.44 (112.67 to 198.21) · 90 casesNo differentJul 2022 – Jun 2024
Death rate for CABG surgery patientsComplications and deaths2.5 · 32 casesNoneJul 2022 – Jun 2025
Death rate for COPD patientsComplications and deaths7.1 · 82 casesNoneJul 2022 – Jun 2025
Death rate for heart attack patientsComplications and deaths10 · 188 casesNoneJul 2022 – Jun 2025
Death rate for heart failure patientsComplications and deaths9 · 473 casesNoneJul 2022 – Jun 2025
Death rate for pneumonia patientsComplications and deaths14.8 · 342 casesNoneJul 2022 – Jun 2025
Death rate for stroke patientsComplications and deaths9.4 · 485 casesNoneJul 2023 – Jun 2025
Hybrid Hospital-Wide All-Cause Risk Standardized Mortality RateComplications and deaths2.9 · 3,730 casesNoneJul 2024 – Jun 2025
Iatrogenic pneumothorax rateComplications and deaths0.2 (0 to 0.4) · 6,904 casesNo differentJul 2022 – Jun 2024
In-hospital fall-associated fracture rateComplications and deaths0.21 (0.02 to 0.4) · 7,052 casesNo differentJul 2022 – Jun 2024
Perioperative pulmonary embolism or deep vein thrombosis rateComplications and deaths3.41 (1.43 to 5.39) · 1,695 casesNo differentJul 2022 – Jun 2024
Postoperative acute kidney injury requiring dialysis rateComplications and deaths1.72 (0.17 to 3.28) · 665 casesNo differentJul 2022 – Jun 2024
Postoperative hemorrhage or hematoma rateComplications and deaths2.11 (0.66 to 3.56) · 1,545 casesNo differentJul 2022 – Jun 2024
Postoperative respiratory failure rateComplications and deaths7.1 (1.3 to 12.9) · 670 casesNo differentJul 2022 – Jun 2024
Postoperative sepsis rateComplications and deaths5.96 (2.63 to 9.29) · 653 casesNo differentJul 2022 – Jun 2024
Postoperative wound dehiscence rateComplications and deaths1.61 (0.15 to 3.08) · 418 casesNo differentJul 2022 – Jun 2024
Pressure ulcer rateComplications and deaths0.14 (0 to 0.78) · 5,539 casesNo differentJul 2022 – Jun 2024
Rate of complications for hip/knee replacement patientsComplications and deaths3.7 · 192 casesNoneApr 2023 – Mar 2025
Central Line Associated Bloodstream Infection (ICU + select Wards)Infections0.215No differentOct 2024 – Sep 2025
MRSA BacteremiaInfections0.263No differentOct 2024 – Sep 2025
SSI - Colon SurgeryInfections0.74No differentOct 2024 – Sep 2025
Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) 30-Day Readmission RateUnplanned return visits14.3 · 300 casesNoneJul 2023 – Jun 2025
Heart failure (HF) 30-Day Readmission RateUnplanned return visits19 · 702 casesNoneJul 2023 – Jun 2025
Hospital return days for heart attack patientsUnplanned return visits1.2 · 207 casesNoneJul 2022 – Jun 2025
Hospital return days for heart failure patientsUnplanned return visits-13.6 · 531 casesNoneJul 2022 – Jun 2025
Hospital return days for pneumonia patientsUnplanned return visits24.3 · 343 casesNoneJul 2022 – Jun 2025
Pneumonia (PN) 30-Day Readmission RateUnplanned return visits18.1 · 449 casesNoneJul 2023 – Jun 2025
Rate of emergency department (ED) visits for patients receiving outpatient chemotherapyUnplanned return visits4.5 (2.8 to 7) · 85 casesNo differentJan 2024 – Dec 2024
Rate of inpatient admissions for patients receiving outpatient chemotherapyUnplanned return visits9.6 (6.7 to 13.7) · 85 casesNo differentJan 2024 – Dec 2024
Rate of readmission after hip/knee replacementUnplanned return visits5.7 · 189 casesNoneJul 2023 – Jun 2025
Rate of readmission for CABGUnplanned return visits11 · 45 casesNoneJul 2023 – Jun 2025
Rate of readmission for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patientsUnplanned return visits20.6 · 117 casesNoneJul 2023 – Jun 2025
Rate of unplanned hospital visits after colonoscopy (per 1,000 colonoscopies)Unplanned return visits13 (9.7 to 17.2) · 584 casesNo differentJan 2022 – Dec 2024
Ratio of unplanned hospital visits after hospital outpatient surgeryUnplanned return visits0.9 (0.7 to 1.2) · 764 casesNo differentJan 2024 – Dec 2024

What patients said (523 patients answered, 27% of those asked)

Patient survey stars by topic at Peninsula Medical Center
Cleanliness4
Nurse communication4
Doctor communication4
Communication about medicines3
Discharge information4
Overall hospital rating4
Quietness3
Recommend hospital5
Share of patients giving the best answer at Peninsula Medical Center
Room was "always" clean76%
Nurses "always" communicated well81%
Doctors "always" communicated well80%
Staff "always" explained58%
Yes, staff "did" give patients this information89%
Yes, staff "did" give patients information about help after discharge87%
Doctors "always" explained things so they could understand74%
Doctors "always" listened carefully79%
Doctors "always" treated them with courtesy and respect87%
Patients who gave a rating of "9" or "10" (high)75%
Staff "always" explained new medications72%
Nurses "always" explained things so they could understand77%
Nurses "always" listened carefully79%
Nurses "always" treated them with courtesy and respect88%
"Always" quiet at night54%
"YES", patients would definitely recommend the hospital78%
Staff "always" explained possible side effects44%
Yes, staff "did" give patients information about possible symptoms90%

Original Medicare doctor bills

$427,262

Medicare paid this office $427,262 for 526 people.

This is what Medicare paid the clinician — not Medicare Advantage, and not the pharmacy.

Largest Original Medicare bills
Botox78$99,635None
Exam with injections of chemical for destruction of bladder using an endoscope78$55,824$396
Surgical repair of vaginal defect using an endoscope40$33,528$838
Return visit (30+ min)211$31,391$117
New patient visit (45+ min)211$30,361$144
See all 22 services
Every Original Medicare service billed
Botox78$99,635None
Exam with injections of chemical for destruction of bladder using an endoscope78$55,824$396
Surgical repair of vaginal defect using an endoscope40$33,528$838
Return visit (30+ min)211$31,391$117
New patient visit (45+ min)211$30,361$144
Creation of sling around urethra in female to control leakage65$28,387$437
Insertion of lower leg neurostimulator electrode44$26,960$124
Insertion of sacral nerve neurostimulator electrode array22$24,769$1,126
Long return visit (40+ min)86$15,732$164
Repair of herniated rectum into vaginal wall39$11,473$294
Insertion of sacral nerve neurostimulator electrode array33$9,005$273
Simple bladder irrigation and/or instillation81$5,826$40
Partial removal of uterus, tubes, and/or ovaries with retention of cervix using an endoscope, 250.0 g or less15$5,666$378
Insertion or replacement of peripheral, sacral, or gastric neurostimulator generator or receiver30$5,035$168
New patient visit (60+ min)17$3,477$205
Removal of uterine tubes and ovaries11$3,355$305
Suture closure of vagina and vaginal opening11$2,723$248
Short return visit (20+ min)20$1,593$80
Ultrasound measurement of bladder capacity after voiding103$1,303$12
Insertion of temporary bladder tube23$1,059$44
Electronic analysis of implanted neurostimulator generator with complex spinal cord or peripheral nerve stimulator programming29$1,033$36
Imaging guidance for procedure, 60 minutes or less28$380$13

Procedures Medicare counted

Procedure volume Medicare published
Removal of the uterus38More than 98% of doctors who do this

Who their Medicare patients are

526 Original Medicare patients in 2024. Average age 77 · Also on Medicaid 9% · Health risk score 0.84. At or below the middle of the specialty; the typical undefined physician type clinician is at 1.67.

Conditions among them: High blood pressure 60% · Diabetes 20% · Depression 20% · Coronary heart disease 15% · Chronic kidney disease 15% · Cancer 15% · Atrial fibrillation 13% · Heart failure 7% · COPD 6% · Dementia 5% · Stroke 3%.

The office billed $1,901,148, Medicare allowed $546,832 and paid $427,262; for 22,292 services of 58 kinds; $101,308 of it was for drugs given in the office and $325,954 for care.

Original Medicare patients only. A risk score of 1.0 is the average Medicare patient; higher means sicker. Any count under 11 is hidden.

Year by year

Original Medicare by year
202452622,292770.84$1,901,148$427,262
202356021,395770.93$1,760,184$424,743
202249617,576760.90$1,621,006$386,073
202149416,887760.91$1,409,981$373,110
202039814,179760.99$1,008,843$264,089
201947522,139760.91$1,246,799$338,819
201850618,237750.91$1,552,178$406,704
20173788,833750.92$1,162,772$284,087
20163193,266750.98$825,003$202,796
20152211,141741.06$586,766$140,229
2014132873740.83$487,146$113,441
201357189720.80$103,002$22,182

Original Medicare only. A service billed for fewer than 11 people in a year is hidden, so the lines can add up to less than the year's total.

See the services billed each year

2023: 20 services

Original Medicare services billed in 2023
Botox73$95,240None
Exam with injections of chemical for destruction of bladder using an endoscope73$55,413$404
Return visit (30+ min)310$50,870$115
Surgical repair of vaginal defect using an endoscope38$32,684$860
Insertion of sacral nerve neurostimulator electrode array19$21,982$1,157
Insertion of lower leg neurostimulator electrode55$21,848$123
Long return visit (40+ min)106$20,388$170
Creation of sling around urethra in female to control leakage46$19,272$419
New patient visit (45+ min)120$18,006$150
Repair of herniated rectum into vaginal wall37$12,036$317
Insertion of sacral nerve neurostimulator electrode array33$9,607$283
New patient visit (60+ min)40$7,873$197
Short return visit (20+ min)70$6,229$78
Partial removal of uterus, tubes, and/or ovaries with retention of cervix using an endoscope, 250.0 g or less15$5,804$387
Simple bladder irrigation and/or instillation74$5,574$41
Insertion or replacement of peripheral, sacral, or gastric neurostimulator generator or receiver32$3,219$101
Insertion of temporary bladder tube40$1,838$44
Ultrasound measurement of bladder capacity after voiding68$760$11
Office for the evaluation and management of established patient that may not require presence of healthcare professional21$641$25
Electronic analysis of implanted neurostimulator generator with complex spinal cord or peripheral nerve stimulator programming11$438$37

2022: 27 services

Original Medicare services billed in 2022
Botox59$77,383None
Exam with injections of chemical for destruction of bladder using an endoscope60$45,405$413
Insertion of sacral nerve neurostimulator electrode array29$35,039$1,208
Return visit (30+ min)209$30,623$116
Insertion of lower leg neurostimulator electrode75$26,350$127
Surgical repair of vaginal defect using an endoscope26$22,104$850
Creation of sling around urethra in female to control leakage50$22,025$441
New patient visit (45+ min)139$19,524$140
Insertion of sacral nerve neurostimulator electrode31$18,299$590
Repair of herniated rectum into vaginal wall31$9,658$312
Plastic repair of vagina and tissue separating vagina, rectum, and bladder13$7,995$615
Diagnostic exam of bladder and urethra using an endoscope27$7,033$251
Partial removal of uterus, tubes, and/or ovaries with retention of cervix using an endoscope, 250.0 g or less15$5,558$371
Short return visit (20+ min)59$5,517$84
Insertion or replacement of peripheral, sacral, or gastric neurostimulator generator or receiver50$5,247$103
Insertion of sacral nerve neurostimulator electrode array19$5,237$276
Simple bladder irrigation and/or instillation58$4,338$41
New patient visit (60+ min)21$4,217$201
New patient visit (30+ min)37$3,659$99
Long return visit (40+ min)20$3,134$157
Suture closure of vagina and vaginal opening11$2,355$214
Electronic analysis of implanted neurostimulator generator with complex spinal cord or peripheral nerve stimulator programming27$1,029$37
Ultrasound measurement of bladder capacity after voiding66$711$11
Imaging guidance for procedure, 60 minutes or less38$567$14
Insertion of temporary bladder tube13$536$41
Office for the evaluation and management of established patient that may not require presence of healthcare professional14$408$27
Unclassified drugs46$330None

2021: 24 services

Original Medicare services billed in 2021
Botox61$72,964None
Exam with injections of chemical for destruction of bladder using an endoscope61$42,358$407
Return visit (30+ min)228$39,289$118
Insertion of lower leg neurostimulator electrode61$27,369$134
Surgical repair of vaginal defect using an endoscope25$22,503$900
Insertion of sacral nerve neurostimulator electrode array17$20,187$1,187
New patient visit (45+ min)132$18,221$138
Insertion of sacral nerve neurostimulator electrode28$17,586$586
Creation of sling around urethra in female to control leakage36$16,570$460
Repair of herniated rectum into vaginal wall37$13,229$348
Short return visit (20+ min)117$12,566$84
Partial removal of uterus, tubes, and/or ovaries with retention of cervix using an endoscope, 250.0 g or less18$7,030$391
Long return visit (40+ min)28$4,749$164
Simple bladder irrigation and/or instillation59$4,413$45
New patient visit (30+ min)40$4,118$103
Diagnostic exam of bladder and urethra using an endoscope15$3,754$235
Insertion or replacement of peripheral, sacral, or gastric neurostimulator generator or receiver27$2,677$99
New patient visit (60+ min)13$2,391$184
Insertion of temporary bladder tube43$2,058$44
Electronic analysis of implanted neurostimulator generator with complex spinal cord or peripheral nerve stimulator programming26$2,053$55
Electronic analysis of implanted neurostimulator generator with complex spinal cord or peripheral nerve stimulator programming21$796$38
Unclassified drugs58$480None
Imaging guidance for procedure, 60 minutes or less32$442$14
Ultrasound measurement of bladder capacity after voiding16$183$11

2020: 17 services

Original Medicare services billed in 2020
Botox56$62,411None
Exam with injections of chemical for destruction of bladder using an endoscope57$32,484$373
Return visit (30+ min)193$28,672$101
Creation of sling around urethra in female to control leakage38$19,774$520
Surgical repair of vaginal defect using an endoscope17$15,638$920
Insertion of sacral nerve neurostimulator electrode array15$14,540$969
New patient visit (30+ min)145$13,571$94
Insertion of lower leg neurostimulator electrode41$10,938$135
Repair of herniated rectum into vaginal wall24$8,941$373
Insertion of sacral nerve neurostimulator electrode11$6,881$626
Partial removal of uterus, tubes, and/or ovaries with retention of cervix using an endoscope, 250.0 g or less12$4,680$390
Short return visit (20+ min)45$3,936$74
Simple bladder irrigation and/or instillation51$2,846$40
Insertion of temporary bladder tube66$2,781$42
Insertion or replacement of peripheral, sacral, or gastric neurostimulator generator or receiver13$1,328$102
Unclassified drugs57$406None
Imaging guidance for procedure, 60 minutes or less14$208$14

2019: 19 services

Original Medicare services billed in 2019
Botox82$95,675None
Exam with injections of chemical for destruction of bladder using an endoscope82$50,845$339
Insertion of lower leg neurostimulator electrode81$36,702$122
Return visit (30+ min)201$28,399$101
Surgical repair of vaginal defect using an endoscope28$24,713$883
Creation of sling around urethra in female to control leakage38$18,477$486
New patient visit (30+ min)119$11,817$99
Short return visit (20+ min)118$9,995$67
Partial removal of uterus, tubes, and/or ovaries with retention of cervix using an endoscope, 250.0 g or less17$6,750$397
Plastic repair of vagina and tissue separating vagina, rectum, and bladder12$6,532$544
Repair of herniated rectum into vaginal wall18$5,923$329
Insertion of temporary bladder tube103$4,600$43
Simple bladder irrigation and/or instillation66$4,005$42
New patient visit (45+ min)12$1,579$132
New patient visit (15+ min)23$1,561$68
Electronic analysis of implanted neurostimulator generator with complex spinal cord or peripheral nerve stimulator programming11$820$55
Unclassified drugs63$418None
Electronic assessment of bladder emptying11$85$8
Injection, lidocaine hcl for intravenous infusion, 10 mg21$4None

2018: 19 services

Original Medicare services billed in 2018
Insertion of lower leg neurostimulator electrode66$91,509$131
Botox71$76,670None
Exam with injections of chemical for destruction of bladder using an endoscope71$36,744$309
Surgical repair of vaginal defect using an endoscope38$31,687$834
Creation of sling around urethra in female to control leakage55$22,701$413
New patient visit (30+ min)235$21,764$93
Plastic repair of vagina and tissue separating vagina, rectum, and bladder37$19,653$531
Return visit (30+ min)121$13,820$99
Insertion of temporary bladder tube250$11,390$44
Repair of herniated rectum into vaginal wall35$10,712$290
Short return visit (20+ min)108$8,485$64
Partial removal of uterus, tubes, and/or ovaries with retention of cervix using an endoscope, 250.0 g or less23$8,066$351
Long return visit (40+ min)40$4,666$117
Repair of prolapsing vaginal vault through vagina14$4,313$308
Diagnostic exam of bladder and urethra using an endoscope24$3,453$144
Repair of pelvic ligaments through vagina11$2,508$228
New patient visit (45+ min)14$2,000$143
Injection of drug or substance under skin or into muscle53$1,380$21
Diagnostic exam of bladder and urethra using an endoscope18$746$41

2017: 23 services

Original Medicare services billed in 2017
Insertion of lower leg neurostimulator electrode52$45,632$126
Surgical repair of vaginal defect using an endoscope44$36,914$839
Botox42$32,763None
Short return visit (20+ min)191$20,019$64
Exam with injections of chemical for destruction of bladder using an endoscope41$17,485$296
Creation of sling around urethra in female to control leakage37$14,862$402
New patient visit (30+ min)151$13,486$89
Plastic repair of vagina and tissue separating vagina, rectum, and bladder20$12,324$616
Repair of herniated rectum into vaginal wall31$10,939$353
Insertion of temporary bladder tube197$10,474$43
Return visit (30+ min)65$7,478$100
Partial removal of uterus, tubes, and/or ovaries with retention of cervix using an endoscope, 250.0 g or less21$7,386$352
Insertion of sacral nerve neurostimulator electrode11$6,439$585
Repair of prolapsing vaginal vault through vagina12$3,714$310
New patient visit (45+ min)24$3,574$149
Diagnostic exam of bladder and urethra using an endoscope42$2,059$49
Diagnostic exam of bladder and urethra using an endoscope15$2,024$135
Simple bladder irrigation and/or instillation24$1,779$57
Short return visit31$1,221$37
Fitting and insertion of vaginal support device13$988$71
Pessary, reusable, non rubber, any type12$564$43
Injection of drug or substance under skin or into muscle19$542$26
Electronic assessment of bladder emptying15$115$8

2016: 21 services

Original Medicare services billed in 2016
Insertion of lower leg neurostimulator electrode28$25,986$130
Plastic repair of vagina and tissue separating vagina, rectum, and bladder38$24,166$636
Short return visit (20+ min)191$22,671$65
Surgical repair of vaginal defect using an endoscope19$16,337$860
New patient visit (30+ min)166$15,101$91
Insertion of temporary bladder tube186$11,282$52
Creation of sling around urethra in female to control leakage24$9,240$385
Botox18$8,322None
Exam with injections of chemical for destruction of bladder using an endoscope19$7,229$301
Repair of herniated rectum into vaginal wall17$6,656$370
Removal of uterus through vagina, 250.0 g or less17$5,880$346
Repair of prolapsing vaginal vault through vagina18$5,540$308
Repair of pelvic ligaments through vagina13$2,954$227
Short return visit59$2,728$36
Diagnostic exam of bladder and urethra using an endoscope39$2,343$60
New patient visit (45+ min)17$1,978$116
Fitting and insertion of vaginal support device22$1,383$58
New patient visit (15+ min)18$1,199$67
Simple bladder irrigation and/or instillation11$802$67
Pessary, reusable, non rubber, any type12$517$43
Injection of drug or substance under skin or into muscle11$304$25

2015: 18 services

Original Medicare services billed in 2015
Short return visit (20+ min)110$16,538$70
Plastic repair of vagina and tissue separating vagina, rectum, and bladder21$15,193$723
Creation of sling around urethra in female to control leakage29$13,715$473
New patient visit (30+ min)123$12,506$102
Insertion of temporary bladder tube158$11,554$54
Insertion of lower leg neurostimulator electrode15$6,943$114
Removal of uterus through vagina, 250.0 g or less16$6,437$402
Fitting and insertion of vaginal support device30$4,746$69
Repair of prolapsing vaginal vault through vagina12$3,887$324
Return visit (30+ min)31$3,709$98
New patient visit (45+ min)23$3,210$140
Short return visit39$2,626$41
Simple bladder irrigation and/or instillation26$2,521$79
Pessary, reusable, non rubber, any type17$908$43
Diagnostic exam of bladder and urethra using an endoscope14$838$60
New patient visit (15+ min)12$804$67
Ultrasound measurement of bladder capacity after voiding16$327$19
Electronic assessment of bladder emptying11$87$8

2014: 16 services

Original Medicare services billed in 2014
Insertion of lower leg neurostimulator electrode14$14,218$120
Short return visit (20+ min)96$13,027$64
Plastic repair of vagina and tissue separating vagina, rectum, and bladder19$12,965$682
Complex measurement of pressure of urine flow in bladder with urethra pressure and voiding pressure studies31$10,177$328
Creation of sling around urethra in female to control leakage15$7,034$469
Insertion of temporary bladder tube67$4,443$50
Repair of prolapsing vaginal vault through vagina13$4,339$334
New patient visit (45+ min)26$3,783$145
Fitting and insertion of vaginal support device22$3,342$71
New patient visit (30+ min)34$2,977$88
Short return visit41$2,668$40
Return visit (30+ min)23$2,263$98
Insertion of device into abdomen with pressure and urine flow rate study17$1,845$109
Long return visit (40+ min)13$1,711$132
Diagnostic exam of bladder and urethra using an endoscope20$1,188$59
Electronic assessment of bladder emptying34$249$7

2013: 3 services

Original Medicare services billed in 2013
Complex measurement of pressure of urine flow in bladder with urethra pressure and voiding pressure studies11$3,532$321
Short return visit (20+ min)33$3,303$61
Insertion of device into abdomen with pressure and urine flow rate study11$1,178$107

Drugs they prescribed that Part D paid

$427,608

Pharmacies billed $427,608 in 2024.

This is pharmacy cost, not the office bill, and not what patients paid.

Opioids were 5% of their Part D prescriptions (70 of 1,335) in 2024. Above the middle of the specialty; the typical undefined physician type clinician is at 0%.

775 generic and fewer than 11 brand-name prescriptions · $427,608 in drug cost · 419 antibiotic prescriptions to 226 people.

Part D prescriptions only. The opioid rate is opioid prescriptions as a share of all this clinician's Part D prescriptions; surgeons and pain specialists run higher than others, so it is shown against the same specialty.

Largest Part D drug costs
Gemtesa248$277,426$1,119
Myrbetriq83$62,468$753
Premarin120$51,450$429
Estring26$13,391$515
Estradiol184$11,729$64
See all 15 drugs
Every Part D drug this clinician prescribed
Gemtesa248$277,426$1,119
Myrbetriq83$62,468$753
Premarin120$51,450$429
Estring26$13,391$515
Estradiol184$11,729$64
Yuvafem11$2,138$194
Nitrofurantoin Mono-Macro231$1,740$8
Methenamine Hippurate23$1,195$52
Ibuprofen70$509$7
Hydrocodone-Acetaminophen68$446$7
Cephalexin64$301$5
Desmopressin Acetate11$237$22
Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim70$153$2
Ciprofloxacin28$115$4
Fluconazole11$50$5

Year by year

Part D prescribing by year
20241,3355375% (70)None$427,608
20231,4035105% (63)None$449,333
2022847350None50%$216,209
20218443283% (23)51%$209,748
20208233241% (11)58%$240,507
20191,0933743% (33)54%$271,374
2018931322None56%$239,109
2017887262None60%$221,019
2016685221None62%$145,271
2015494151None53%$78,378
20143341026% (21)55%$49,620
201314942None58%$19,321

Part D prescriptions only. A drug prescribed to fewer than 11 people in a year is hidden.

See the drugs prescribed each year

2023: 15 drugs

Part D drugs prescribed in 2023
Gemtesa204$222,896$1,093
Myrbetriq105$102,186$973
Premarin173$78,078$451
Estring38$20,280$534
Estradiol91$9,642$106
Nitrofurantoin Mono-Macro285$2,816$10
Methenamine Hippurate21$2,405$115
Nitrofurantoin20$1,868$93
Ibuprofen62$816$13
Hydrocodone-Acetaminophen57$389$7
Cephalexin63$360$6
Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim93$287$3
Metronidazole32$267$8
Ciprofloxacin41$164$4
Fluconazole16$97$6

2022: 13 drugs

Part D drugs prescribed in 2022
Myrbetriq91$71,981$791
Premarin146$63,124$432
Gemtesa32$38,511$1,203
Estring28$14,604$522
Estradiol83$9,424$114
Methenamine Hippurate24$2,789$116
Nitrofurantoin Mono-Macro225$2,711$12
Yuvafem11$2,379$216
Nitrofurantoin14$1,052$75
Cephalexin39$230$6
Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim50$230$5
Fluconazole11$93$8
Ciprofloxacin24$80$3

2021: 17 drugs

Part D drugs prescribed in 2021
Myrbetriq149$107,933$724
Premarin140$58,033$415
Toviaz20$12,205$610
Estring19$9,091$478
Estradiol53$7,313$138
Methenamine Hippurate37$4,645$126
Nitrofurantoin25$2,341$94
Nitrofurantoin Mono-Macro174$1,995$11
Oxybutynin Chloride Er14$746$53
Metronidazole18$337$19
Ibuprofen19$182$10
Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim50$148$3
Hydrocodone-Acetaminophen11$113$10
Cephalexin22$101$5
Fluconazole12$68$6
Ciprofloxacin20$48$2
Oxycodone11$45$4

2020: 13 drugs

Part D drugs prescribed in 2020
Myrbetriq181$123,855$684
Premarin188$74,844$398
Estradiol48$8,312$173
Estring17$7,817$460
Methenamine Hippurate49$6,052$124
Estrace17$6,046$356
Nitrofurantoin25$1,931$77
Nitrofurantoin Mono-Macro121$1,276$11
Oxybutynin Chloride Er16$1,191$74
Cephalexin24$186$8
Ciprofloxacin19$134$7
Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim27$86$3
Fluconazole13$68$5

2019: 19 drugs

Part D drugs prescribed in 2019
Myrbetriq165$107,420$651
Premarin232$89,608$386
Vesicare37$18,877$510
Estradiol62$12,288$198
Estrace33$11,459$347
Estring13$5,847$450
Tolterodine Tartrate Er18$3,738$208
Nitrofurantoin Mono-Macro172$1,828$11
Methenamine Hippurate12$1,794$150
Oxybutynin Chloride Er27$1,469$54
Nitrofurantoin27$1,446$54
Solifenacin14$1,280$91
Ibuprofen28$230$8
Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim76$217$3
Cephalexin32$186$6
Amitriptyline24$152$6
Ciprofloxacin29$146$5
Oxycodone20$109$5
Hydrocodone-Acetaminophen11$56$5

2018: 16 drugs

Part D drugs prescribed in 2018
Myrbetriq193$102,059$529
Premarin143$52,392$366
Vesicare80$34,397$430
Estrace42$14,566$347
Estradiol46$10,461$227
Estring13$5,591$430
Tolterodine Tartrate Er30$3,883$129
Oxybutynin Chloride Er28$1,866$67
Nitrofurantoin20$1,113$56
Nitrofurantoin Mono-Macro81$995$12
Cephalexin68$250$4
Ciprofloxacin35$201$6
Metronidazole11$190$17
Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim43$135$3
Fluconazole12$50$4
Amitriptyline12$6$1

2017: 12 drugs

Part D drugs prescribed in 2017
Myrbetriq258$110,643$429
Premarin114$39,435$346
Vesicare96$36,749$383
Estrace50$15,064$301
Estring13$4,856$374
Nitrofurantoin Mono-Macro70$1,363$19
Oxybutynin Chloride Er11$755$69
Ciprofloxacin48$293$6
Cephalexin56$222$4
Metronidazole14$187$13
Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim47$159$3
Fluconazole11$62$6

2016: 11 drugs

Part D drugs prescribed in 2016
Myrbetriq167$60,896$365
Premarin135$41,179$305
Vesicare56$17,885$319
Estrace30$7,981$266
Nitrofurantoin Mono-Macro74$2,396$32
Nitrofurantoin15$824$55
Oxybutynin Chloride Er14$694$50
Metronidazole21$517$25
Bethanechol Chloride15$450$30
Ciprofloxacin30$233$8
Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim36$140$4

2015: 11 drugs

Part D drugs prescribed in 2015
Premarin126$33,249$264
Myrbetriq64$20,986$328
Vesicare31$11,671$376
Estrace15$3,104$207
Nitrofurantoin Mono-Macro53$1,343$25
Bethanechol Chloride11$346$31
Metronidazole23$268$12
Ciprofloxacin22$198$9
Ibuprofen20$157$8
Fluconazole15$119$8
Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim28$114$4

2014: 9 drugs

Part D drugs prescribed in 2014
Premarin92$20,192$219
Myrbetriq51$15,176$298
Vesicare25$6,835$273
Oxybutynin Chloride Er23$1,357$59
Nitrofurantoin Mono-Macro26$873$34
Hydrocodone-Acetaminophen20$167$8
Ciprofloxacin13$99$8
Ibuprofen15$84$6
Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim19$76$4

2013: 3 drugs

Part D drugs prescribed in 2013
Vesicare31$6,280$203
Premarin31$5,826$188
Oxybutynin Chloride Er22$915$42

Money from drug and device companies

$79,221 in 2025

Industry payments by year
20256100$69,793$79,221
2024786$45,430$52,854
2023769$40,033$47,297
2022768$38,030$44,757
2021726$7,070$9,091
202022None$162
2019424$2,488$9,461

Paid work is consulting, speaking, honoraria and royalties, as opposed to meals and travel.

A payment is not proof that care is biased.

Payments by company
Boston ScientificAdvantage System$28,942
36 payments
  • Paid to speak or teach for Advantage System · 2025-12-24 · $6,800
  • Paid to speak or teach for Advantage System · 2025-12-24 · $2,550
  • Travel for Advantage System · 2025-12-24 · $87
  • Meals for Axonics · 2025-10-04 · $137
  • Paid to speak or teach for Advantage System · 2025-09-04 · $213
  • Meals for Bulkamid · 2025-09-03 · $70
  • Paid to speak or teach for General - Therapies · 2025-08-07 · $1,488
  • Paid to speak or teach for General - Therapies · 2025-08-07 · $425
  • Meals for Axonics · 2025-06-26 · $103
  • Meals for Axonics · 2025-06-18 · $107
  • Meals for Axonics · 2025-06-17 · $49
  • Meals for Axonics · 2025-06-12 · $16
  • Meals for General - Therapies · 2025-05-08 · $93
  • Paid to speak or teach for General - Female Sui · 2025-05-01 · $425
  • Paid to speak or teach for General - Female Sui · 2025-05-01 · $2,975
  • Paid to speak or teach for General - Female Sui · 2025-05-01 · $1,275
  • Paid to speak or teach for General - Female Sui · 2025-04-10 · $1,063
  • Paid to speak or teach for General - Female Sui · 2025-04-10 · $850
  • Meals for Axonics · 2025-04-01 · $34
  • Meals for Axonics · 2025-04-01 · $42
  • Meals for Axonics · 2025-03-20 · $15
  • Meals for Axonics · 2025-03-20 · $22
  • Paid to speak or teach for General - Therapies · 2025-02-27 · $425
  • Paid to speak or teach for General - Therapies · 2025-02-27 · $893
  • Paid to speak or teach for General - Therapies · 2025-02-27 · $850
  • Travel for Upsylon · 2025-02-20 · $252
  • Paid to speak or teach for Upsylon · 2025-02-20 · $3,400
  • Paid to speak or teach for Upsylon · 2025-02-20 · $850
  • Travel for Upsylon · 2025-02-20 · $113
  • Paid to speak or teach for Upsylon · 2025-02-20 · $2,550
  • Meals for Solyx Sis System · 2025-02-20 · $40
  • Meals for Solyx Sis System · 2025-02-20 · $3
  • Meals for Axonics · 2025-01-16 · $30
  • Travel for Upsylon · 2025-01-08 · $300
  • Travel for Upsylon · 2025-01-08 · $112
  • Travel for Upsylon · 2025-01-07 · $285
Sumitomo Pharma AmericaGemtesa$27,243
25 payments
  • Paid to speak or teach for Gemtesa · 2025-12-22 · $6,375
  • Paid to speak or teach for Gemtesa · 2025-12-22 · $6,375
  • Meals for Gemtesa · 2025-12-19 · $9
  • Travel for Gemtesa · 2025-12-19 · $214
  • Meals for Gemtesa · 2025-12-18 · $41
  • Travel for Gemtesa · 2025-12-18 · $110
  • Meals for Gemtesa · 2025-12-17 · $125
  • Travel for Gemtesa · 2025-12-15 · $784
  • Meals for Gemtesa · 2025-12-11 · $97
  • Travel for Gemtesa · 2025-12-11 · $324
  • Paid to speak or teach for Gemtesa · 2025-12-10 · $6,375
  • Meals for Gemtesa · 2025-12-10 · $125
  • Travel for Gemtesa · 2025-12-09 · $175
  • Meals for Gemtesa · 2025-12-08 · $31
  • Travel for Gemtesa · 2025-11-20 · $476
  • Travel for Gemtesa · 2025-11-20 · $234
  • Meals for Gemtesa · 2025-11-10 · $16
  • Travel for Gemtesa · 2025-11-10 · $271
  • Meals for Gemtesa · 2025-11-05 · $145
  • Travel for Gemtesa · 2025-10-15 · $198
  • Meals for Gemtesa · 2025-10-07 · $90
  • Paid to speak or teach for Gemtesa · 2025-09-30 · $2,625
  • Meals for Gemtesa · 2025-09-25 · $123
  • Meals for Gemtesa · 2025-08-27 · $32
  • Paid to speak or teach for Gemtesa · 2025-08-13 · $1,875
AbbvieBotox$14,436
24 payments
  • Meals for Botox · 2025-12-19 · $4
  • Meals for Botox · 2025-11-18 · $4
  • Meals for Botox · 2025-06-03 · $25
  • Meals · 2025-05-20 · $78
  • Paid to speak or teach for Botox · 2025-05-16 · $3,325
  • Meals for Botox · 2025-04-24 · $122
  • Travel for Botox · 2025-04-24 · $314
  • Travel for Botox · 2025-04-24 · $16
  • Paid to speak or teach for Botox · 2025-04-11 · $2,613
  • Paid to speak or teach for Botox · 2025-04-02 · $2,375
  • Meals for Botox · 2025-03-22 · $21
  • Meals for Botox · 2025-03-22 · $60
  • Travel for Botox · 2025-03-22 · $333
  • Meals for Botox · 2025-03-22 · $50
  • Travel for Botox · 2025-03-22 · $842
  • Meals for Botox · 2025-03-21 · $150
  • Travel for Botox · 2025-03-21 · $172
  • Meals for Botox · 2025-03-18 · $125
  • Travel for Botox · 2025-03-18 · $73
  • Travel for Botox · 2025-03-18 · $18
  • Paid to speak or teach for Botox · 2025-02-26 · $3,325
  • Travel for Botox · 2025-02-04 · $244
  • Meals for Botox · 2025-02-04 · $125
  • Meals for Botox · 2025-01-31 · $24
Intuitive SurgicalDa Vinci Surgical System$5,159
8 payments
  • Paid to speak or teach for Da Vinci Surgical System · 2025-12-10 · $2,000
  • Meals for Da Vinci Surgical System · 2025-12-10 · $150
  • Paid to speak or teach for Da Vinci Surgical System · 2025-12-10 · $500
  • Paid to speak or teach for Da Vinci Surgical System · 2025-12-05 · $500
  • Meals for Da Vinci Surgical System · 2025-11-11 · $9
  • Paid to speak or teach for Da Vinci Surgical System · 2025-03-07 · $1,000
  • Paid to speak or teach for Da Vinci Surgical System · 2025-01-17 · $500
  • Paid to speak or teach for Da Vinci Surgical System · 2025-01-10 · $500
MedtronicInterstim$3,411
6 payments
  • Travel for Altaviva · 2025-11-09 · $33
  • Travel for Altaviva · 2025-11-07 · $19
  • Travel for Altaviva · 2025-11-03 · $693
  • Travel for Altaviva · 2025-11-03 · $35
  • Paid to speak or teach for Interstim · 2025-04-24 · $2,500
  • Meals for Interstim · 2025-04-16 · $131
Bluewind MedicalRevi$31
1 payment
  • Meals for Revi · 2025-05-16 · $31
See all 100 published payments
Every published payment
Boston ScientificPaid to speak or teach · 2025-12-24Advantage System$6,800
Boston ScientificPaid to speak or teach · 2025-12-24Advantage System$2,550
Boston ScientificTravel · 2025-12-24Advantage System$87
Sumitomo Pharma AmericaPaid to speak or teach · 2025-12-22Gemtesa$6,375
Sumitomo Pharma AmericaPaid to speak or teach · 2025-12-22Gemtesa$6,375
Sumitomo Pharma AmericaMeals · 2025-12-19Gemtesa$9
Sumitomo Pharma AmericaTravel · 2025-12-19Gemtesa$214
AbbvieMeals · 2025-12-19Botox$4
Sumitomo Pharma AmericaMeals · 2025-12-18Gemtesa$41
Sumitomo Pharma AmericaTravel · 2025-12-18Gemtesa$110
Sumitomo Pharma AmericaMeals · 2025-12-17Gemtesa$125
Sumitomo Pharma AmericaTravel · 2025-12-15Gemtesa$784
Sumitomo Pharma AmericaMeals · 2025-12-11Gemtesa$97
Sumitomo Pharma AmericaTravel · 2025-12-11Gemtesa$324
Sumitomo Pharma AmericaPaid to speak or teach · 2025-12-10Gemtesa$6,375
Sumitomo Pharma AmericaMeals · 2025-12-10Gemtesa$125
Intuitive SurgicalPaid to speak or teach · 2025-12-10Da Vinci Surgical System$2,000
Intuitive SurgicalMeals · 2025-12-10Da Vinci Surgical System$150
Intuitive SurgicalPaid to speak or teach · 2025-12-10Da Vinci Surgical System$500
Sumitomo Pharma AmericaTravel · 2025-12-09Gemtesa$175
Sumitomo Pharma AmericaMeals · 2025-12-08Gemtesa$31
Intuitive SurgicalPaid to speak or teach · 2025-12-05Da Vinci Surgical System$500
Sumitomo Pharma AmericaTravel · 2025-11-20Gemtesa$476
Sumitomo Pharma AmericaTravel · 2025-11-20Gemtesa$234
AbbvieMeals · 2025-11-18Botox$4
Intuitive SurgicalMeals · 2025-11-11Da Vinci Surgical System$9
Sumitomo Pharma AmericaMeals · 2025-11-10Gemtesa$16
Sumitomo Pharma AmericaTravel · 2025-11-10Gemtesa$271
MedtronicTravel · 2025-11-09Altaviva$33
MedtronicTravel · 2025-11-07Altaviva$19
Sumitomo Pharma AmericaMeals · 2025-11-05Gemtesa$145
MedtronicTravel · 2025-11-03Altaviva$693
MedtronicTravel · 2025-11-03Altaviva$35
Sumitomo Pharma AmericaTravel · 2025-10-15Gemtesa$198
Sumitomo Pharma AmericaMeals · 2025-10-07Gemtesa$90
Boston ScientificMeals · 2025-10-04Axonics$137
Sumitomo Pharma AmericaPaid to speak or teach · 2025-09-30Gemtesa$2,625
Sumitomo Pharma AmericaMeals · 2025-09-25Gemtesa$123
Boston ScientificPaid to speak or teach · 2025-09-04Advantage System$213
Boston ScientificMeals · 2025-09-03Bulkamid$70
Sumitomo Pharma AmericaMeals · 2025-08-27Gemtesa$32
Sumitomo Pharma AmericaPaid to speak or teach · 2025-08-13Gemtesa$1,875
Boston ScientificPaid to speak or teach · 2025-08-07General - Therapies$1,488
Boston ScientificPaid to speak or teach · 2025-08-07General - Therapies$425
Boston ScientificMeals · 2025-06-26Axonics$103
Boston ScientificMeals · 2025-06-18Axonics$107
Boston ScientificMeals · 2025-06-17Axonics$49
Boston ScientificMeals · 2025-06-12Axonics$16
AbbvieMeals · 2025-06-03Botox$25
AbbvieMeals · 2025-05-20None$78
AbbviePaid to speak or teach · 2025-05-16Botox$3,325
Bluewind MedicalMeals · 2025-05-16Revi$31
Boston ScientificMeals · 2025-05-08General - Therapies$93
Boston ScientificPaid to speak or teach · 2025-05-01General - Female Sui$425
Boston ScientificPaid to speak or teach · 2025-05-01General - Female Sui$2,975
Boston ScientificPaid to speak or teach · 2025-05-01General - Female Sui$1,275
AbbvieMeals · 2025-04-24Botox$122
AbbvieTravel · 2025-04-24Botox$314
AbbvieTravel · 2025-04-24Botox$16
MedtronicPaid to speak or teach · 2025-04-24Interstim$2,500
MedtronicMeals · 2025-04-16Interstim$131
AbbviePaid to speak or teach · 2025-04-11Botox$2,613
Boston ScientificPaid to speak or teach · 2025-04-10General - Female Sui$1,063
Boston ScientificPaid to speak or teach · 2025-04-10General - Female Sui$850
AbbviePaid to speak or teach · 2025-04-02Botox$2,375
Boston ScientificMeals · 2025-04-01Axonics$34
Boston ScientificMeals · 2025-04-01Axonics$42
AbbvieMeals · 2025-03-22Botox$21
AbbvieMeals · 2025-03-22Botox$60
AbbvieTravel · 2025-03-22Botox$333
AbbvieMeals · 2025-03-22Botox$50
AbbvieTravel · 2025-03-22Botox$842
AbbvieMeals · 2025-03-21Botox$150
AbbvieTravel · 2025-03-21Botox$172
Boston ScientificMeals · 2025-03-20Axonics$15
Boston ScientificMeals · 2025-03-20Axonics$22
AbbvieMeals · 2025-03-18Botox$125
AbbvieTravel · 2025-03-18Botox$73
AbbvieTravel · 2025-03-18Botox$18
Intuitive SurgicalPaid to speak or teach · 2025-03-07Da Vinci Surgical System$1,000
Boston ScientificPaid to speak or teach · 2025-02-27General - Therapies$425
Boston ScientificPaid to speak or teach · 2025-02-27General - Therapies$893
Boston ScientificPaid to speak or teach · 2025-02-27General - Therapies$850
AbbviePaid to speak or teach · 2025-02-26Botox$3,325
Boston ScientificTravel · 2025-02-20Upsylon$252
Boston ScientificPaid to speak or teach · 2025-02-20Upsylon$3,400
Boston ScientificPaid to speak or teach · 2025-02-20Upsylon$850
Boston ScientificTravel · 2025-02-20Upsylon$113
Boston ScientificPaid to speak or teach · 2025-02-20Upsylon$2,550
Boston ScientificMeals · 2025-02-20Solyx Sis System$40
Boston ScientificMeals · 2025-02-20Solyx Sis System$3
AbbvieTravel · 2025-02-04Botox$244
AbbvieMeals · 2025-02-04Botox$125
AbbvieMeals · 2025-01-31Botox$24
Intuitive SurgicalPaid to speak or teach · 2025-01-17Da Vinci Surgical System$500
Boston ScientificMeals · 2025-01-16Axonics$30
Intuitive SurgicalPaid to speak or teach · 2025-01-10Da Vinci Surgical System$500
Boston ScientificTravel · 2025-01-08Upsylon$300
Boston ScientificTravel · 2025-01-08Upsylon$112
Boston ScientificTravel · 2025-01-07Upsylon$285
See earlier years (2024, 2023, 2022, 2021, 2020, 2019)

2024: $52,854

Payments by company in 2024
Boston ScientificAdvantage System$19,240
26 payments
  • Paid to speak or teach for Advantage System · 2024-12-19 · $2,550
  • Paid to speak or teach for Advantage System · 2024-12-19 · $4,250
  • Travel for Advantage System · 2024-12-19 · $210
  • Travel for Advantage System · 2024-12-19 · $580
  • Paid to speak or teach for Advantage System · 2024-12-19 · $1,275
  • Paid to speak or teach · 2024-12-02 · $425
  • Paid to speak or teach for Upsylon · 2024-12-02 · $425
  • Paid to speak or teach for Upsylon · 2024-12-02 · $425
  • Paid to speak or teach for Upsylon · 2024-12-02 · $425
  • Paid to speak or teach for Upsylon · 2024-11-21 · $213
  • Paid to speak or teach for Upsylon · 2024-11-21 · $638
  • Paid to speak or teach for Upsylon · 2024-11-01 · $850
  • Paid to speak or teach for Upsylon · 2024-11-01 · $1,275
  • Meals · 2024-10-24 · $86
  • Meals · 2024-10-24 · $168
  • Paid to speak or teach for Ams 800 Artificial Urinary Sphincter · 2024-09-19 · $425
  • Paid to speak or teach · 2024-08-22 · $425
  • Meals for Upsylon · 2024-04-17 · $62
  • Paid to speak or teach for Uromax Ultra · 2024-02-16 · $2,250
  • Meals for Uromax Ultra · 2024-02-16 · $42
  • Paid to speak or teach for Uromax Ultra · 2024-02-16 · $375
  • Paid to speak or teach for Uromax Ultra · 2024-02-16 · $375
  • Paid to speak or teach for Uromax Ultra · 2024-02-16 · $1,125
  • Meals for Upsylon · 2024-01-24 · $26
  • Travel · 2024-01-22 · $107
  • Travel · 2024-01-22 · $233
MedtronicInterstim$15,456
24 payments
  • Meals for Interstim · 2024-12-19 · $65
  • Paid to speak or teach · 2024-12-16 · $6,045
  • Travel for Interstim · 2024-11-09 · $246
  • Meals for Interstim · 2024-11-09 · $23
  • Meals for Interstim · 2024-11-09 · $35
  • Meals for Interstim · 2024-11-09 · $33
  • Meals for Interstim · 2024-11-09 · $74
  • Meals for Interstim · 2024-11-09 · $81
  • Travel · 2024-11-08 · $60
  • Meals · 2024-11-08 · $9
  • Travel for Interstim · 2024-11-08 · $246
  • Travel for Interstim · 2024-11-08 · $232
  • Travel for Interstim · 2024-11-08 · $71
  • Meals for Interstim · 2024-11-08 · $109
  • Meals for Interstim · 2024-11-08 · $5
  • Travel for Interstim · 2024-09-30 · $419
  • Travel for Interstim · 2024-09-30 · $45
  • Meals for Interstim · 2024-08-13 · $50
  • Meals for Interstim · 2024-06-11 · $148
  • Meals for Interstim · 2024-05-29 · $50
  • Paid to speak or teach for Interstim · 2024-05-22 · $2,340
  • Paid to speak or teach for Interstim · 2024-02-26 · $2,340
  • Paid to speak or teach for Interstim · 2024-01-24 · $2,340
  • Paid to speak or teach for Interstim · 2024-01-18 · $390
AbbvieBotox$15,377
14 payments
  • Consulting · 2024-11-07 · $475
  • Paid to speak or teach for Botox · 2024-06-03 · $3,325
  • Paid to speak or teach for Botox · 2024-05-17 · $3,325
  • Meals for Botox · 2024-05-16 · $103
  • Travel for Botox · 2024-05-16 · $194
  • Paid to speak or teach for Botox · 2024-05-10 · $1,425
  • Meals for Botox · 2024-05-01 · $125
  • Paid to speak or teach for Botox · 2024-04-19 · $2,375
  • Meals for Botox · 2024-04-02 · $124
  • Travel for Botox · 2024-04-02 · $76
  • Paid to speak or teach for Botox · 2024-03-15 · $3,325
  • Meals for Botox · 2024-02-28 · $123
  • Travel for Botox · 2024-02-28 · $275
  • Meals for Botox · 2024-01-31 · $107
AxonicsAxonics$2,290
17 payments
  • Meals for Axonics · 2024-12-19 · $114
  • Meals for Axonics · 2024-11-21 · $5
  • Meals for Axonics · 2024-10-24 · $107
  • Meals for Axonics · 2024-09-19 · $96
  • Meals for Axonics · 2024-08-15 · $90
  • Meals for Axonics · 2024-06-14 · $84
  • Meals for Axonics · 2024-05-06 · $128
  • Meals for Axonics · 2024-05-05 · $60
  • Meals for Axonics · 2024-02-10 · $48
  • Meals for Axonics · 2024-02-10 · $72
  • Meals for Axonics · 2024-02-10 · $27
  • Travel for Axonics · 2024-02-10 · $40
  • Meals for Axonics · 2024-02-10 · $27
  • Travel for Axonics · 2024-02-09 · $886
  • Travel for Axonics · 2024-02-09 · $315
  • Meals for Axonics · 2024-02-09 · $155
  • Travel for Axonics · 2024-02-09 · $34
Caldera MedicalDesara$442
2 payments
  • Meals for Desara · 2024-10-03 · $87
  • Meals for Desara · 2024-03-08 · $355
Valencia TechnologiesEcoin Device Kit$36
2 payments
  • Meals for Ecoin Device Kit · 2024-06-13 · $18
  • Meals for Ecoin Device Kit · 2024-06-13 · $18
Intuitive SurgicalDa Vinci Surgical System$13
1 payment
  • Meals for Da Vinci Surgical System · 2024-10-01 · $13

2023: $47,297

Payments by company in 2023
MedtronicInterstim$40,039
55 payments
  • Meals for Interstim · 2023-11-27 · $82
  • Paid to speak or teach for Interstim · 2023-10-27 · $7,215
  • Meals for Interstim · 2023-10-15 · $28
  • Travel for Interstim · 2023-10-14 · $36
  • Travel for Interstim · 2023-10-14 · $15
  • Travel for Interstim · 2023-10-14 · $29
  • Travel for Interstim · 2023-10-14 · $28
  • Travel for Interstim · 2023-10-14 · $15
  • Travel for Interstim · 2023-10-14 · $15
  • Travel for Interstim · 2023-10-14 · $28
  • Meals for Interstim · 2023-10-14 · $34
  • Meals for Interstim · 2023-10-13 · $20
  • Travel for Interstim · 2023-10-13 · $36
  • Travel for Interstim · 2023-10-13 · $233
  • Meals for Interstim · 2023-10-13 · $9
  • Travel for Interstim · 2023-10-13 · $225
  • Travel for Interstim · 2023-10-13 · $39
  • Meals for Interstim · 2023-10-13 · $82
  • Paid to speak or teach for Interstim · 2023-10-10 · $1,950
  • Consulting · 2023-10-06 · $7,605
  • Meals for Interstim · 2023-10-05 · $88
  • Paid to speak or teach for Interstim · 2023-09-22 · $1,170
  • Travel for Interstim · 2023-09-20 · $471
  • Travel for Interstim · 2023-09-20 · $32
  • Meals for Interstim · 2023-07-19 · $134
  • Paid to speak or teach for Interstim · 2023-04-26 · $2,340
  • Paid to speak or teach for Interstim · 2023-04-13 · $5,265
  • Travel for Interstim · 2023-03-10 · $88
  • Meals for Interstim · 2023-03-09 · $23
  • Travel for Interstim · 2023-03-09 · $227
  • Travel for Interstim · 2023-03-09 · $207
  • Travel for Interstim · 2023-03-09 · $299
  • Travel for Interstim · 2023-03-08 · $78
  • Meals for Interstim · 2023-03-08 · $21
  • Meals for Interstim · 2023-03-01 · $108
  • Paid to speak or teach for Interstim · 2023-02-24 · $4,275
  • Travel for Interstim · 2023-02-13 · $595
  • Travel for Interstim · 2023-02-13 · $32
  • Travel for Interstim · 2023-02-12 · $242
  • Travel for Interstim · 2023-02-11 · $242
  • Travel for Interstim · 2023-02-11 · $83
  • Travel for Interstim · 2023-02-10 · $399
  • Travel for Interstim · 2023-02-10 · $68
  • Travel for Interstim · 2023-02-10 · $127
  • Travel for Interstim · 2023-02-10 · $21
  • Consulting · 2023-02-06 · $4,650
  • Meals · 2023-02-04 · $41
  • Travel · 2023-02-04 · $30
  • Travel · 2023-02-03 · $18
  • Travel · 2023-02-03 · $32
  • Travel · 2023-02-02 · $210
  • Travel · 2023-02-02 · $339
  • Travel · 2023-02-02 · $79
  • Travel · 2023-01-31 · $240
  • Travel · 2023-01-31 · $42
Boston ScientificUpsylon$4,789
6 payments
  • Consulting · 2023-12-22 · $800
  • Meals · 2023-12-06 · $127
  • Paid to speak or teach for Upsylon · 2023-11-10 · $938
  • Paid to speak or teach for Upsylon · 2023-11-10 · $1,500
  • Paid to speak or teach for Upsylon · 2023-05-12 · $375
  • Paid to speak or teach for Upsylon · 2023-05-12 · $1,050
Valencia TechnologiesEcoin Device Kit$996
1 payment
  • Travel for Ecoin Device Kit · 2023-11-30 · $996
Intuitive SurgicalDa Vinci Sp$564
3 payments
  • Meals for Da Vinci Surgical System · 2023-10-17 · $31
  • Paid to speak or teach for Da Vinci Sp · 2023-09-13 · $500
  • Meals for Da Vinci Surgical System · 2023-06-22 · $33
Applied Medical ResourcesGelpoint V-Path$480
2 payments
  • Travel for Gelpoint V-Path · 2023-01-23 · $465
  • Meals for Gelpoint V-Path · 2023-01-23 · $15
AbbvieBotox$400
1 payment
  • Consulting for Botox · 2023-10-13 · $400
Caldera MedicalDesara$29
1 payment
  • Gift for Desara · 2023-12-14 · $29

2022: $44,757

Payments by company in 2022
MedtronicInterstim$40,771
62 payments
  • Paid to speak or teach for Interstim · 2022-11-01 · $5,550
  • Meals for Interstim · 2022-10-28 · $8
  • Meals for Interstim · 2022-10-23 · $26
  • Meals for Interstim · 2022-10-23 · $21
  • Travel for Interstim · 2022-10-22 · $87
  • Meals for Interstim · 2022-10-22 · $38
  • Travel for Interstim · 2022-10-22 · $220
  • Travel for Interstim · 2022-10-22 · $83
  • Travel for Interstim · 2022-10-22 · $36
  • Meals for Interstim · 2022-10-21 · $13
  • Travel for Interstim · 2022-10-21 · $234
  • Travel for Interstim · 2022-10-21 · $42
  • Travel for Interstim · 2022-09-30 · $509
  • Travel for Interstim · 2022-09-30 · $30
  • Paid to speak or teach for Interstim · 2022-08-26 · $1,200
  • Paid to speak or teach for Interstim · 2022-08-17 · $1,650
  • Paid to speak or teach for Interstim · 2022-06-23 · $3,900
  • Meals for Interstim · 2022-06-16 · $25
  • Travel for Interstim · 2022-06-16 · $212
  • Travel for Interstim · 2022-06-15 · $408
  • Travel for Interstim · 2022-06-15 · $60
  • Meals for Interstim · 2022-06-15 · $22
  • Travel for Interstim · 2022-06-15 · $216
  • Travel for Interstim · 2022-05-31 · $30
  • Travel for Interstim · 2022-05-31 · $366
  • Travel for Interstim · 2022-05-31 · $40
  • Travel for Interstim · 2022-05-31 · $395
  • Paid to speak or teach for Interstim · 2022-05-19 · $1,800
  • Paid to speak or teach for Interstim · 2022-05-11 · $2,100
  • Travel for Interstim · 2022-05-03 · $216
  • Travel for Interstim · 2022-05-03 · $28
  • Travel for Interstim · 2022-05-03 · $23
  • Meals for Interstim · 2022-05-03 · $23
  • Meals for Interstim · 2022-05-03 · $156
  • Meals for Interstim · 2022-05-03 · $55
  • Meals for Interstim · 2022-05-03 · $73
  • Meals for Interstim · 2022-05-03 · $47
  • Meals for Interstim · 2022-05-03 · $88
  • Meals for Interstim · 2022-05-03 · $30
  • Travel for Interstim · 2022-05-03 · $3
  • Meals for Interstim · 2022-04-14 · $174
  • Paid to speak or teach for Interstim · 2022-04-06 · $4,725
  • Paid to speak or teach for Interstim · 2022-03-30 · $2,100
  • Travel for Interstim · 2022-03-12 · $138
  • Meals for Intellis Adaptivestim · 2022-03-11 · $9
  • Travel for Intellis Adaptivestim · 2022-03-11 · $116
  • Travel for Interstim · 2022-03-11 · $236
  • Travel for Interstim · 2022-02-21 · $30
  • Travel for Interstim · 2022-02-21 · $326
  • Paid to speak or teach for Interstim · 2022-02-09 · $5,475
  • Meals for Interstim · 2022-01-29 · $36
  • Meals for Interstim · 2022-01-29 · $53
  • Meals for Interstim · 2022-01-29 · $33
  • Paid to speak or teach for Interstim · 2022-01-25 · $1,500
  • Travel for Interstim · 2022-01-23 · $185
  • Travel for Interstim · 2022-01-22 · $142
  • Travel for Interstim · 2022-01-22 · $191
  • Travel for Interstim · 2022-01-21 · $27
  • Travel for Interstim · 2022-01-21 · $159
  • Paid to speak or teach for Interstim · 2022-01-07 · $4,650
  • Travel for Interstim · 2022-01-06 · $30
  • Travel for Interstim · 2022-01-06 · $372
Boston ScientificUpsylon$2,880
1 payment
  • Paid to speak or teach for Upsylon · 2022-01-19 · $2,880
Intuitive SurgicalDa Vinci Surgical System$500
1 payment
  • Paid to speak or teach for Da Vinci Surgical System · 2022-10-19 · $500
Valencia TechnologiesEcoin Device Kit$483
1 payment
  • Travel for Ecoin Device Kit · 2022-05-13 · $483
Astellas Pharma USNone$80
1 payment
  • Education · 2022-04-11 · $80
Applied Medical ResourcesGelpoint V-Path$26
1 payment
  • Meals for Gelpoint V-Path · 2022-12-10 · $26
Rochester MedicalNone$18
1 payment
  • Meals · 2022-01-20 · $18

2021: $9,091

Payments by company in 2021
MedtronicInterstim$5,502
18 payments
  • Meals for Interstim · 2021-12-11 · $40
  • Travel for Interstim · 2021-12-11 · $192
  • Travel for Interstim · 2021-12-10 · $135
  • Travel for Interstim · 2021-12-10 · $224
  • Travel for Interstim · 2021-11-23 · $273
  • Travel for Interstim · 2021-11-23 · $30
  • Consulting for Interstim · 2021-11-01 · $300
  • Paid to speak or teach for Interstim · 2021-10-28 · $300
  • Paid to speak or teach for Interstim · 2021-10-27 · $300
  • Travel for Interstim · 2021-09-28 · $159
  • Travel for Interstim · 2021-09-28 · $30
  • Travel for Interstim · 2021-09-28 · $94
  • Travel for Interstim · 2021-09-28 · $40
  • Meals for Interstim · 2021-08-05 · $88
  • Meals for Interstim · 2021-05-18 · $69
  • Paid to speak or teach for Interstim · 2021-04-16 · $3,150
  • Meals for Interstim · 2021-04-10 · $37
  • Meals for Interstim · 2021-04-10 · $42
Boston ScientificColpassist$2,602
2 payments
  • Paid to speak or teach for Colpassist · 2021-11-16 · $2,520
  • Meals for Solyx · 2021-06-23 · $82
Intuitive SurgicalDa Vinci Surgical System$500
1 payment
  • Paid to speak or teach for Da Vinci Surgical System · 2021-03-24 · $500
AxonicsAxonics R-Snm System$283
2 payments
  • Meals for Axonics R-Snm System · 2021-08-30 · $221
  • Meals for Bulkamid · 2021-08-04 · $62
Astellas Pharma USNone$100
1 payment
  • Education · 2021-02-16 · $100
ColoplastRestorelle$62
1 payment
  • Meals for Restorelle · 2021-09-21 · $62
StrykerIris$42
1 payment
  • Meals for Iris · 2021-05-19 · $42

2020: $162

Payments by company in 2020
ColoplastAltis$149
1 payment
  • Meals for Altis · 2020-01-15 · $149
Medtronic USAInterstim$13
1 payment
  • Meals for Interstim · 2020-02-20 · $13

2019: $9,461

Payments by company in 2019
Intuitive SurgicalDa Vinci Surgical System$5,381
8 payments
  • Meals for Da Vinci Surgical System · 2019-03-30 · $5
  • Meals for Da Vinci Surgical System · 2019-03-30 · $16
  • Education for Da Vinci Surgical System · 2019-02-20 · $4,000
  • Meals for Da Vinci Surgical System · 2019-02-20 · $300
  • Travel for Da Vinci Surgical System · 2019-02-12 · $224
  • Travel for Da Vinci Surgical System · 2019-02-08 · $100
  • Travel for Da Vinci Surgical System · 2019-02-08 · $19
  • Travel for Da Vinci Surgical System · 2019-02-08 · $717
Boston ScientificAdvantage$2,422
4 payments
  • Meals for Solyx · 2019-09-26 · $110
  • Meals for Advantage Fit · 2019-06-11 · $123
  • Paid to speak or teach for Advantage · 2019-02-27 · $669
  • Paid to speak or teach for Advantage · 2019-02-27 · $1,519
ColoplastAltis$1,222
10 payments
  • Travel for Altis · 2019-07-27 · $106
  • Meals for Altis · 2019-07-18 · $30
  • Meals for Altis · 2019-07-18 · $31
  • Meals for Altis · 2019-07-18 · $46
  • Travel for Altis · 2019-07-18 · $317
  • Travel for Altis · 2019-07-17 · $129
  • Meals for Altis · 2019-07-13 · $20
  • Meals for Axis · 2019-07-12 · $37
  • Travel for Altis · 2019-07-03 · $428
  • Meals for Restorelle · 2019-01-18 · $78
AllerganBotox$436
2 payments
  • Consulting for Botox · 2019-09-26 · $300
  • Meals for Botox · 2019-09-25 · $136

Research money

Money a company paid to run a study. Where it went to their institution, the clinician is named as an investigator and did not receive it; the amount covers the whole study, often across many sites.

Research payments by company and study
Medtronic, Inc. · 2021This clinician$315

Professional record

NPI
1447323092
Licence
CA A71453California A71453: Current · expires 2027-06-30
Trained
University of Michigan Medical School, 1996
Video visits
Lists video visits
Gender
Female
More record details
Sole proprietor
No
Taxonomy
Federal specialty code 207VF0040X (207VF0040X); Federal specialty code 207V00000X (207V00000X)
Mailing address
2350 W. El Camino Real, 2nd Floor, Mountain View, CA, 94040
NPI first listed
2006-11-15
NPI last updated
2015-08-14

This is when the NPI record was last certified, not a medical board exam.